
In 1920, John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner at Johns Hopkins University conditioned a nine-month-old infant — known as "Little Albert" — to fear a white rat by pairing its appearance with a loud, frightening noise.
Human fears and phobias can be conditioned through association — supporting Watson's radical behaviorist view that psychology should focus on observable behavior, not internal mental states.
The Little Albert experiment is now considered a landmark example of unethical psychological research. The infant was never deconditioned. Watson and Rayner left Johns Hopkins under separate scandalous circumstances before completing the study.
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