
Joe Colombo (1923–1978) was the boss of the Colombo crime family and a uniquely public Mafia figure who founded the Italian-American Civil Rights League to protest FBI surveillance of Italian-Americans. He was shot in the head at his own rally in Columbus Circle in 1971 by a gunman hired by rival boss Joe Gallo. He survived in a comatose state until his death seven years later, never regaining consciousness.
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